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111 



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HOW TO BECOME 



AN 



EXPERT SHOT. 



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SECOND EDITION. 



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1875. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by the 

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loto Id betomf an ^^nt S^ot. 



§ flPI^I^ persons not laboring under any physical disadvantage 
"^SW ^^^ capable of gaining some distinction in the art of rifle 

"^%^ shooting if they will only adopt a simple course of train- 
ing, and endeavor to obtain, if only a superficial, knowledge of 
the influences of wind, light, shade and atmosphere, and the 
effects they have on the trajectory of the bullet. All marksmen 
agree that there are certain difficulties to surmount, but none of 
them are insuperable. By taking pains to acquire a little knowl- 
edge, and by steady perseverance, a man may become, if his 
health and eyesight be good, the best shot in his company, and 
may occasionally take the highest position in national competi- 
tions. But farther than this it is not fair to prophecy. At such 
gatherings, a steady average shot stands but little chance of 
winning first prizes, for average shooting is of little use. At 
the same time an expert shot stands a chance, and only a chance, 
by scoring that lucky string of bullseyes which shall secure the 
much .coveted prize. Amongst so many excellent shots the 
element of chance is very great, and has a great deal to do in 
deciding who shall be the lucky winner of any prize. Thus it is 
we have that very true and often quoted saying, that a man 
must not only be a good shot, but he must be a lucky shot to 
gain distinction. It is not suggested that in this little work any 
new ideas will be given to the well seasoned and good shots who 
frequent Creedmoor. True, it may form a loook of reference 
from which they may refresh their memories, but this small 
work is written more for the encouragement of those shots who 
have yet failed to distinguish themselves, and also for those who 
are as yet but mere tyros in the art of rifle-shooting. Here, then» 



4 now TO BECOME AN EXPBllT SHOT. 

tlie author has endeavored to give to them information hitherto 
only possessed by the leading shots of the country. 

During his first year, the recruit rarely takes any interest in 
rifle-shooting, but, stimulated by the example set by other rifle- 
men, he enters upon his second year's training full of hope and 
ambition to excel as a superior shot in his company, and, if 
possible, to obtain the marksman's badge. In very few instances 
does he meet with much encouragement, and at the outset he 
labors under immense disadvantages. As a rule, the older mem- 
bers, who may have acquired some knowledge of rifle-shooting, 
look coldly on the young aspirant, who, if successful, they think 
will lessen their chance at the ensuing meetings. Having gone 
through the ordeal themselves, they refiain from imparting that 
knowledge they have gained only by experience, and withhold 
their friendly assistance. To obtain any success in rifle-shooting, 
the first thing for a man to acquire is confidence in himself and 
confidence in his rifle. This is not done by a few weeks' o^ 
months' training ; indeed, often the first year passes before he 
attains this important acquisition to good shooting. It is pre- 
sumed that a perusal of this manual will materially aid the young 
shot, and that with its assistance more or less success will be 
obtained in much shorter time than if ]ie had first to discover 
the paths which he had to traverse. Having perused this work, 
the recruit will go to the target with confidence, and he will be 
possessed of such information as shall assure him that if he fails 
to make a moderate score he has himself to blame. Presumably 
from the non-publication of any similar work, the information 
now given by the author has been guarded with jealous care by 
those Avho may be termed "the crack shots of the country," 

The would-be marksman, when he visits the range for prac- 
tice, has a very vague notion as to the modus operandi for obtain- 
ing his object. The common practice is to blaze away at the 
ranges, taking no note beyond the fact of making a good or bad 
score. If it is a good score he loses no time in letting his friends 
know it. If it is a bad one he keeps it to himself. Now this is 
not practice, at least it is not a practice which will bear any good 
results in the future. It is well to warn young shots anxious to 
make large scores, that to fire shots indiscriminately without the 
aid of a glass, is useless practice. The man who means business, 
whose time is of consequence, and who would prevent a needless 



HOW TO BECOME AN EXPEUT SHOT. t) 

waste of ammunition, should adopt the following course of prac- 
tice. First of all, let him find out what his rifle is worth, by firing 
ten shots at two hundred, and ten shots at five hundred yards, on 
a moderately still day. If the wind should blow gently from the 
right, all the better, as his aim would then be dead on or at the 
lower left corner of the bullseye, according to the force of the 
wind. The ten shots should not be aimed all over the target, but 
as near as possible all at one spot. The rifleman should under- 
stand, that if fired from a fixed rest, his rifle would not throw the 
shots in one spot. If the man be steady, he will by the above 
method at once find out the natural deviation of his rifle. Not- 
withstanding all that has been said to the contrary, it is certain 
that in shooting with the present " State Model," there must re- 
sult more or less deviation. The element of luck has a great deal 
to do with consecutive bullseyes. With the "Remington" or 
" Springfield," a moderate shot must be satisfied with centres and 
a fair sprinkling of bullseyes ; at least if he gets no outers he must 
consider himself a fortunate fellow. The least puff of wind act- 
ing on the bullet after it has left the barrel, or the scarcely percep- 
tible movement of the rifle, is sufficient to throw the shot outside 
the centre line, if not off the target altogether. 

Having got over the fact that his rifle has a tendency to deviate, 
he should carefully obtain a diagram of the result by means of a 
glass. For real practice, no man should be without a glass at the 
firing point. If possible, he should have a friend to assist him. 
He should always endeavor to obtain a definite result with the 
least possible expenditure of ammunition ; such a policy strictly 
followed up must tend to future success. If an unsteady wind or 
physical inability should prevent a fair diagram being obtained 
on the first visit to the range, the experiment should be repeated 
until the recruit is con^, iced that he has secured a fair diagram 
of the capabilities of hi4 Jfle. Having once ascertained the mean 
deviation of his rifle, he may go to work with confidence, for he 
may know that if he misses a steady shot at long range, it is an 
error of judgment. Further practice should not be persevered in 
unless the man is steady. It is quite an erroneous idea to suppose 
that a man goes to the range to gain steadiness. Before he at- 
tempts to fire any number of shots it is well for him to establish 
the connection between brain, eye and finger. He may learn all 
this in his own room, first by using the ordinary snap cap, and 



6 HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 

then with a percussion cap. For using the latter, procure an old 
muzzle-loading Springfield, and having lighted a candle, place it 
on the mantelpiece. Cap your rifle and aim steady. See half the 
fore-sight just above the notch of the back-sight, at the same time 
aligning the former on the black portion of the wick, just below 
the flame. If you aim steady, with the muzzle of the rifle about 
two yards from the candle, the current of air will blow the light 
out. The light will only flicker if you do not aim steady. There 
is a great deal in carefully sighting your rifle and making sure 
that you take the same amount of sight every shot. In taking 
sight through a rifle at 500 or 600 yards, to a man with good sight, 
the top half of his fore-sight would appear to him as a good sized 
pin's head, and the far-off bullseye about twice that size. Nat- 
urally the bullseye would appear laiger when not taking sight. 
The sights of men vary very much. A man who has his eyes 
deeply set in his head will see plainer at long range than the man 
whose eyes are more prominent. As a rule the latter use specta- 
cles, often with much success. Practicing the eye-sight by shoot- 
ing at long range strengthens the nerve of the eye, and the eye- 
sight improves wonderfully. After some months' practice, the 
blur which is troublesome at the outset by making the outline of 
the sight indistinct, entirely disappears. To a man with really 
bad eye-sight the bullseye in all weathers appears hazy, although 
the sights may appear plain. If a man vrould shoot well he must 
keep himself cool, and attend to the business he has in hand. He 
must not allow himself to be drawn into any warm discussion on 
the current topics of the day. In hot weather he should keep as 
much in the shade as possible, dress in light clothes, and keep his 
neck free from any tight collar. In wet or cold weather he should 
take care to keep himself warm and comfortable — not artificial 
warmth caused by frequent applications to the pocket pistol; such 
stimulant -rarely improves a man's shooting either in hot or cold 
weather. Indeed, fasting for a few hours prior to a match will 
steady the nerve and decidedly make the sight clear. In all com- 
petitions a loose dress should be worn, and the tailor should 
be instructed to leave plenty of room for freely working the arms. 
The great advantage of this easy sort of dress will be felt when 
the rifleman takes his position at the firmg point. At the short 
ranges a good standing position is the imj^ortant desideratum, but 
at the long ranges a man must possess judgment and experience. 



HOW TO BECOME AN EXPEKT SHOT. 7 

Various standjng positions are adopted, varying mostly 
according to the length of the man's arm. At the standing 
ranges very few men are able to preserve great steadiness, 
especially when there is any wind at play. The best possible 
position for a man of ordinary proportions is one which the 
author has practiced for the past ten years with much success. 
The feet should be placed a good foot apart, and the firer stand 
to the right half -face. The knees should be well braced up. 
Then, with determination to screw yourself well together, grasp 
your rifle tightly with your left hand almost round the first 
band. The elbow must be brought completely under the 
weapon, so that the arm comes into a perpendicular position 
under the rifle. (Under no circumstances allow it to stand off 
to the left, or you will become unsteady.) Hold the rifle lightly 
with the right hand, and with the left hand press it tightly into 
the shoulder. Don't take too long an aim. If you are unsteady 
come down, but do not make a practice of doing so. Never 
aim at the bullseye unless the wind is blowing pretty strong 
from the right. If you would make a safe, and, if your rifle 
will help you, a good score, aim to the left of the bullseye, 
varying your aim from the left edge of the bullseye to the left 
edge of the target, according to the strength of the wind from 
the left. At the 300 yards range you must screw yourself up, 
if possible, still tighter, and if you grasp your rifle firmly you 
will not make those frequent misses which it is the misfortune 
of most men to score at this most treacherous. of ranges. What- 
ever you do, aim well away to the left. When a fresh breeze is 
blowing from the left^ you cannot be far wrong if you aim at 
least two feet away from the left edge of the target. It is 
want of faith under these circumstances which is the cause of 
those misses to the right of the target. Follow the above ad- 
vice, and with even an unfavorable wind you will, in all proba- 
bility, make a good score. It is want of faith to aim well 
away from the target at 300 yards that has caused many a 
man to score a "miss." The author has good reason to be 
definite in his suggestions as to position, and allowance for wind, 
pull of trigger, &c., when firing at the shorter ranges ; and as 
he writes with so much assurance on these points, it is only fair 
to state that his ten years' experience of their value has been 
productive of the best possible results. By holding the rifle 



8 HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 

at the first band the firer has more control, over his weapon 
in a gale of wind — a decided advantage. There is nothing to 
be said in favor of the knee position. Some have by practice 
perfected themselves in this unsteady position, but this is only 
the case where it has suited the formation of their bodies. The 
position in favor with most riflemen is, no doubt, the lying 
position. The whole body is in a state of tranquility, and the 
steadiness of the aim is but slightly affected by the wind. In 
the lying position some amount of practice is requisite, as most 
men will unconsciously allow the sights to lean over, the conse- 
quence of which would be fatal to good shooting. To those who 
intend to adopt the lying position (stomach), they will find the 
following the best for a man of moderate proportions. Curve 
your legs well away towards your left, and accustom yourself to 
raise your right shoulder as high as possible. By this means you 
form an excellent support to receive the recoil of the rifle, and if 
you raise your shoulder properly you will feel nothing of the re- 
coil ; but if you allow the butt of the rifle to rest on your collar 
bone you will receive such a shock that you will not forget for 
several days. Grasp your rifle firmly with your left hand, placing 
the fingers entirely round the rifle, the two middle fingers across 
the sight-rack, and the fore-finger on the near side of the raised 
flap. This will enable you to arrange your rifle perpendicularly. 
Get some friend to watch you occasionally, or you will uncon- 
sciously allow the sight to fall over right or left. This would 
throw the shots left or right low. If " any position " be allowed, 
no doubt some men will choose the famous " Farquharson " 
(English Volunteers). This position became very popular at "Wim- 
bledon with the competitors in the breech-loading contest, and al- 
though to on-lookers the position appeared decidedly awkward, 
the result of the shooting proved that those who practiced it were 
quite at home. The "improved Farquharson" is as follows: 
The firer lies on his back, but leaning over to the right side. The 
right leg is drawn up almost at an angle, the hollow part of tho 
left foot is allowed to rest on the upper part of the calf of the right 
leg ; the left foot thus forms a V for the reception of the muzzle 
end of the rifle. The butt of the rifle is placed in the hollow of 
the right armpit, and, if deep enough, the butt will rest on the 
ground. The left hand grasps the small of the butt, and the right 
hand and arm are at liberty to manipulate the rifle. The offlcids 



HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 9 

allowed the sling of the rifle to be thrown under the right leg, so 
that the rifle could be firmly fixed to the body, and both hands 
left at liberty for manipulating the gun. 

The young shot having gained confidence in his rifle by the 
course of training herein advocated, he may now venture to ac- 
quire some knowledge (if only superficial) of the effect of wind 
on the bullet and the allowances to be made for it. At the same 
time he may also note the effects of light and shade, and mirage 
and refraction, or what in the scientific parlance is termed the 
science of optics. The influences of the changeable winds, the 
effect of dry and moist atmosphere and light and shade on the tra- 
jectory of the bullet, have often puzzled many a young shot who 
has looked upon these eccentricities of his rifle as something 
extraordinary. His want of knowledge how to counteract the evil 
effect of these influences has caused him to blame his rifle for 
many a miss, when in reality it has been but the result of his 
ignorance of the laws which govern the flight of the bullet. There 
are many ways of judging of the wind's force and direction. On 
some ranges there is a large red flag blowing on some eminence 
near the marker's butt. At the firing point there can be no better 
guide than the smoke of the man's rifle who fires before you. The 
marksman will often be at a loss what to do in consequence of 
the flag at the butt and the smoke of the man's rifle drifting in 
different directions. Cross winds are always puzzling, and the 
best way to act under such circumstances is to be guided by your 
sighting shots, and the position of the hits on the target. But in 
such cases it has been found to be the safest plan to aim dead on 
the bullseye, unless the wind blows with more than ordinary force 
from one point. It is necessary to note in your book the direc- 
tion and force of the wind, and you cannot do better than use the 
figures of your watch for this purpose. Imagine that the firer 
stands at 6 o'clock and the targets are placed at 13 o'clock, the 
wind comiDg from any point can be registered in your note-book 
with the greatest accuracy. To register the force of the wind, 
you can understand A to mean a gentle breeze ; B, a moderate 
breeze; C, a fresh breeze; D, a strong wind ; E, a very strong wind; 
F, half a gale, and G, a gale. It is generally understood, and 
experience has shown us, that a great deal more allowance has to 
be made for a left wind than for a right wind ; one reason for this 
is that the grooves inside the barrel take a spiral turn from left to 



10 HO\V TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 

right, and secondly, there is a tendency more or less for the firer 
to pull off to the right. Especially is this the case with young 
shots; so that at 500 yards if the wind is blowing gently from the 
right, the tendency of the shot to deviate to the right would be 
counterbalanced by the right wind, and the correct spot for aim- 
ing would be just under the bullseye. Whereas, if the wind was 
blowing with the same force from the left, you would have wind, 
drift and pull, all going in the same direction, and you would not 
strike the centre of the target unless you aimed at a spot just out- 
side the left centre line. Some men* pull off to the right more 
than others, and they would make sure of the target by aiming 
at the left edge of it. A strong side wind blowing straight across 
the range has the effect of depressing the bullet, and, according 
to the force of the wind, from one to two degrees more elevation 
is requisite. These degrees may be taken scientifically by using 
the vernier scale, which no good shot should be without. A wind 
from the rear assists the bullet on its flight, hence you must have 
reduced elevation, always varying it in amount according to the 
wind's force. In the case of a front wind, you must have more 
than the average elevation, as a front wind naturally retards the 
progress of the bullet, and if you did not raise your sight consid- 
erably you would have frequent ricochets. At all times a front or 
a rear wind is trying; for, should the wind drop suddenly, your cal- 
culations as to elevation will go for nil. Now, as has been re- 
marked before, one of the greatest faults of young shots is, that 
they have not faith to aim under certain circumstances, away from 
the target. It stands to reason, that if at 3('0 yards, with a strong 
left wind blowing, the firer has to aim two feet away from the 
edge of the target, where must he not aim under similar circum- 
stances if firing at 600 yards ? At the latter range, with a strong 
left wind, aim should be taken quite eleven feet away from the 
left edge of the target. Many a good prize has been lost through 
want of faith to aim well away from the target on special occa- 
sions, and the young shot should remember that he should but in 
rare instances aim at any object that he wants to hit. The fol- 
lowing tabulated statement of the wind's force, and the allowances 
to be made, may be safely depended upon. For the left wind, 
distance must count from the left edge of the bullseye, and when 
from the right, from the right edge of the bullseye. 



HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 



11 



ALLOWANCES TO BE MADE FOR A LEFT WIND, COUNTINa THE 
DISTANCE FROM THE LEFT EDaE OF THE BULLSETE. 



YDS. 


GENTLE 
BREEZE. 


mod'te 

BREEZE. 


FRESH 
BREEZE. 


STRONG 
WIND. 


VERY 
STRONG 
WIND. 


HALF 

A 
GALE. 


GALE. 




Ft. 


In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. In. 


200 





6 





9 


1 





1 


3 


1 10 


2 2 


3 6 


300 





9 


1 


1 


1 


6 


2 





3 


3 10 


4 9 


400 


1 





1 


9 


2 


9 


3 


9 


4 9 


5 9 


6 9 


500 


1 


6 


2 


6 


4 





6 





8 


10 


12 


600 


3 





4 


6 


8 





11 





16 


19 


20 


700 


3 


8 


7 





11 





16 





20 


24 6 


29 


800 


5 





9 





14 





20 





26 


31 


37 


900 


G 





12 





19 





26 





34 


41 


50 


1000 


8 





15 





24 





35 





42 


54 


68 



ALLOWANCES TO BE MADE FOR A RIGHT WIND, COUNTING THE 
DISTANCE FROM THE RIGHT EDGE OF THE BULLSEYE. 



TDS. 


GENTLE 
BREEZE. 


mod'te 

BREEZE. 


FRESH 
BREEZE. 


STRONG 
WIND. 


VERY 
STRONG 
WIND. 


HALF 

A 
GALE. 


GALE. 




Ft. In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. In. 


200 


Aim, middle of buUseye. 





2 





4 





6 


1 


1 6 


2 


300 





3 





6 





9 


1 6 


2 6 


4 


400 





4 





8 


1 





2 


4 


6 


500 





6 


1 





2 





4 


6 


8 


600 


1 





2 





4 





. 8 


10 


12 


700 


2 





4 





8 





11 


14 


17 


800 


4 





8 





12 





16 


20 


24 


900 


6 





12 





18 





23 


28 


33 


1000 


9 





15 





24 





30 


36 


42 



12 HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 

The author has found this table of great practical utility. In 
adopting it, the firer must be careful to take into his consideration 
and make the necessary deductions for counteracting influences. 
The mere fact of a man being uncertain as to what allowances he 
should make for wind, is sufficient to produce nervousness, and 
in many instances make him careless in his aiming ; whereas, if 
he is satisfied in his own mind that the direction of his shot is in 
line with the centre of the target, it remains for him only to in- 
crease or decrease his elevation as the circumstances of the case 
may require. Shooting is but the science of angle, and on the 
accuracy of that angle according to the surrounding circumstances 
does the excellency of the shooting depend. Shooting with a 
traversing foresight may be more scientific in principle, but at 
any rate the result attained cannot be so meritorious as if shooting 
with a rifle with a fixed foresight. 

Having made himself master of the wind by means of a careful 
system of note-taking, it is then well to acquire some superficial 
knowledge of the effect of light and shade, refraction and mirage 
on the flight of the bullet. A want of knowledge in this respect 
is often the cause of a bullet flying clean over the target, or that 
most annoying of all things, a Ticochet. It is scarcely necessary to 
say that such a catastrophe will spoil your chance of winning 
any valuable prize, and may occur to any man who may be igno- 
rant of the science of optics, or suffer a relaxation of that constant 
observation which should be persevered in throughout all contests. 
The author will endeavor to prove that in nineteen instances out 
of twenty this is the firer's own fault, and that a miss of this 
description is either caused through ignorance or inattention to 
the changes of wind and light during a contest. Now, a dry atmos- 
phere causes the barrel to become incrusted; this, by the increas- 
ing heat of the barrel, becomes hardened, and prevents the easy 
passage of the bullet. The consequence is, that unless greater 
elevation is used, the bullet wiU fall short of the target, and we 
have what is only too well known, a ricochet. All riflemen should 
bear in mind, that in dry weather, allowances should be made for 
increased elevation, the amount of which would necessarily be 
guided by the opposite influences prevalent at the time. It must 
also be borne in mind that a man commences shooting with a 
clean barrel, and the incrustation becoming more hardened as the 
number of shots increase, you must have slightly increased ele- 



HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 13 

vation every shot. Say, that with your clean barrel you make a 
bullseye, and the second and third shots are fired out of an incrust- 
ed barrel ; these shots will, in all probability, drop lower and low- 
er, until you have a ricochet. With a moist atmosphere we have 
an opposite effect. On a damp drizzly day, a shot fired with 
average elevation would go high on the target, hence the elevation 
should be reduced by the vernier before any shot is fired. To ob- 
tain regular shooting, most assuredly it is better to fire in damp 
weather than in dry and hot weather. Presuming that a man 
made a bullseye for sighting out of a clean barrel, with scarcely 
any alteration of the vernier, he will keep that same elevation 
throughout the competition if the atmosphere remain the same. 
If anything, his shots would go a little higher as the moisture of 
the barrel increases. If it were not that we had other influences 
at work counteracting the effects of a moist and dry atmosphere, 
a fair amount of allowance would have to be made for the latter. 
Therefore, it should be remembered, that in dry weather, while it 
is found necessary to increase your elevation, you have at the 
same time to consider the counteracting influences caused by mir- 
age and refraction on your aim. In very dry weather the atmos- 
phere is usually bright and clear, and while you have to allow 
more elevation for a dry atmosphere, you have to allow less for 
the brightness of the atmosphere ; the brightness having the 
effect of bringing the target nearer the eye. On a bright, clear day, 
the target stands out in bold relief, and if you used your average 
elevation you would fire high and not at the real target, which, 
as a matter of course, had not moved from its position, but had 
been apparently raised by the refraction of the atmosphere, the 
cause of which I shall presently explain. On a damp and muggy 
day, while you have been instructed to allow more elevation for 
the moisture of the barrel, you must allow something less for the 
darkness of the atmosphere, which causes the target to appear 
more distant and obscure. In this case you do not actually fire 
at the real target, but its image, which is sunk lower through the 
extraordinary influences of the atmosphere. I^ o end of examples 
can be given and experiments made in ocular demonstration of 
this wonderful phenomenon, which young shots especially, can- 
not be made to believe. The experiments are of such a nature 
that any man can try them himself, and he will thus see the ab- 
surdity of trusting to the information he may obtain from his 



14 HOW TO BECOME AN EXPEKT SHOT. 

sighting shots, supposing that they are allowed, and that he has 
the good fortune to have a friend handy to see where they go, 
should they not strike the target. Let him fix any old tube (an 
old barrel if he can procure one), and align it on some object dis- 
tant 500 or 600 yards. The object can be a target, or anything 
else, so that it can be distinctly made out. It is best to align it 
so that he can see the object on a dark day. Then let him look 
through the tube on a bright day, and the target will have entire- 
ly disappeared, viz: it will have apparently raised itself above the 
alignment of the barrel. On the bright day raise your barrel and 
align it on the target, and if you look through it on a dark day it 
will have again disappeared, viz. , it will have apparently dropped 
down to its original position. A moment's consideration will 
convince the rifleman that on a clear, bright day, he must have less 
than the average elevation, and that on a dark day, more than the 
average elevation ; and that at all times when you have to allow 
for the dryness or the moisture of the atmosphere, you must make 
a reduction in the allowance made according to the brightness or 
darkness of the atmosphere. It is a fact that more or less allow- 
ance has to be made for the moisture or the dryness of the barrel. 
It has often been noticed that there is on the whole more regular 
shooting on a dull, gray, and damp day, than on a day when the 
barrel gets heated and the sun is frequently obscured by clouds. 
The reason is obvious. In the former case the weather is more 
settled, and, once on the target, the rifleman has not to be troub- 
led with any of these tiresome influences, which, it has been 
shown, would affect the quality of the shooting in the case of non- 
scientific shots. But, as most contests are not shot when the sky 
is overcast, it is well for a man to know what to do on bright and 
sunny days when the clouds are drifting through the sky, caus- 
ing all manner of lights and shades for every shot fired. There 
is no doubt that when this state of things exists it is difficult to 
obtain fine shooting, and it is out of the question to expect good 
results from a man who is deficient in his knowledge of the law 
of refraction and mirage, and the effects of light and shade. The 
fixed barrel, previously referred to, can be again used to demon- 
strate what has been said in respect to light and shade. Let the 
rifleman look through the barrel aligned on a target on a cloudy 
day. If he looks through the tube when the sun is shining, and 
a cloud causes a shadow to pass over the target, the moment the 



HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 15 

shadow passes on to the target he will see the target distinctly 
drop, and it will to all appearance rise again when the sun 
re-appears. The best of squads firing at 500 and 600 yards take no 
heed of these frequent changes of light, and the consequences are 
fatal. It is hard to persuade a man scoring consecutive bullseyes 
to alter his aim by two feet when any change of light takes place. 
Hence it has been observed over and over agam, that when the 
light has suddenly changed, a round of bad shots has been the 
result, and the probability that such a disaster has been caused by 
some extraordinary phenomena in the atmosphere has been the 
only hypothesis suggested by one or more of the competitors. 
When the matter is thought over, it really does require a large 
amount of faith for a competitor who has succeeded in scoring 
four bullseyes out of five shots to alter his aim by two feet, when 
the optical laws have rendered such a course imperative if he 
wishes to make a fifth. This want of faith, if he has possessed 
the knowledge, has lost many a man a valuable prize. 

The barometer and the hygrometer are constantly referred to 
by scientific shots, but others very rarely consult them, for the 
simple reason that they do not understand their use. Therefore, 
for their information, it is well to state that the hygrometer indi- 
cates the amount of moisture in the atmosphere, and the barom- 
eter, the exact pressure of the air on the square foot. There is also 
the anemometer for noting the wind's force. All these instru- 
ments may be very valuable to small-bore shots, but for men 
shooting with any rifle with a fixed foresight, the use of such 
instruments is almost unnecessary. While engaged in a contest 
there are from twenty to thirty things for a man to keep in mind, 
and for average shooting, a superficial knowledge of these matters 
is all that is necessary. Possessed of this knowledge, assisted by 
a steady hand and tolerably good eyesight, a man may raise him- 
self to the highest pinnacle of fame. However, there may be 
some who would consult the barometer and hygrometer, and 
for their information, they should understand that the greater 
the amount of moisture indicated by the barometer, the lower 
will be the elevation required, and vice versa. When shooting 
with the sun shining full upon the sights, the rifleman should 
understand that when the sun is on the right hand, it has the 
effect of lighting up the right side of the foresight, and the left 
side of the notch of the backsight. Under these circumstances 



16 HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 

ihe aim will be false and you shoot to the left. The allowance 
to be made for this is not great, but it is best in such cases to 
shoot up to the sun, or rather aim away from the right edge of 
the buUseye. 

Of all the drawbacks to good rifle-shooting, there is none so 
great as the influence of refraction or mirage. It is essentially 
necessary that riflemen should know something of the influences 
which mirage and refraction have on the aim of the firer. All 
riflemen should be careful to note the appearance of the atmos- 
phere each time they visit a range. The varied effects of the 
atmosphere can be easily observed by looking through a fixed 
barrel at the target at different periods of the day and in all 
sorts of weathers. If this is done, the target will certainly be 
seen under different conditions at mid-day, to what it is in the 
morning or evening, the target having to all appearances shifted. 
It is certain that there are as many changes in the state of 
the atmosphere as there are in the winds, and while the 
author has endeavored to show what had best be done in many 
instances, he would strongly advise the reader to adopt a most 
careful system of note-taking, and to do his best to reconcile the 
varied changes of light and wind by noting their various 
phases. By refraction is meant the effect which transparent 
mediums produce on light in its passage through them. Profes- 
sor Pepper has done much in late years to enlighten us on this 
all important branch of a rifleman's training. It is the action of 
the atmosphere on light which gives us the aurora borealis and 
the varied and glorious sunsets, both of which at times represent 
scenes of grandeur which are truly magnificent. Were it not 
for the atmosphere we should see the sun as a dense white light 
set in a black sky, and there would be none of those beautiful 
skies of azure blue, which form the canopy of heaven. Kef rac- 
tion of light may be explained as follows : a ray of light which 
would otherwise dart in a straight line is intercepted at periods 
by the atmosphere. This is called refraction. The word comes 
from a Latin word, which signifies to break back ; thus it is that 
a ray of light which enables us to see a target through a tube at 
one part of the day, is by a change in the atmosphere turned out 
of its course, and as we have not the power of seeing round the 
corner, the target is hidden from our view. This fact can be 
exemplified in many simple and various ways. A stick inserted 



HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 17 

in a pail of water will have all the appearance of being bent, 
but the best example is to place a coin in an empty basin and 
stand a sufficient distance away from it, so that the rim of the 
basin hides the coin from view. Without changing your posi- 
tion, let some person pour water into the basin, and the coin — 
rather the image of the coin — will rise up to view. Now it 
stands to reason, that if you aimed at that image of the coin 
you would not be likely to hit the real one. The refraction of 
light has precisely the same effect on the target. The ray of 
light passing through one medium into another of different den- 
sity, is turned out of its course at a slight angle. Mirage is but 
another kind of refraction. There is both lateral and vertical 
mirage. If the variation of the refractive power of the air 
takes place in a horizontal line, perpendicular to the line of 
vision, viz. , from the right to left, then we have a lateral mirage. 
Such an effect would make the target appear high, right or left, 
and on both sides, if the variation of the refractive power is the 
same on each side of the line of vision. It sometimes occurs 
that there is both a vertical and lateral variation of the refrac- 
tive power in the air. This would probably make the targets 
appear elongated. The size would consequently be increased, 
and the target appear almost half the distance it would appear 
under other circumstances. On the contrary, the refraction might 
have the effect ot contracting the object, and the target would 
appear far off. On a cloudy day, if a gleam of sunshine comes 
over your sight, but not over the target, aim two feet higher 
than usual. But you must aim two feet lower if the sun should 
light up the target instead of your sights. If the atmosphere 
is bright and clear, and the target is thrown into the shade, you 
require to aim about two feet higher. If shooting towards the 
south in the shade, and the sun should suddenly light up your 
sights, aim two feet higher ; but if it lights up the target and not 
your sights, aim two feet lower. If the sun is out in front when 
you have been shooting southwards, and he is suddenly hidden 
by a cloud, airo. two feet lower. If you are shooting to the 
north with the targets lighted up, and he is suddenly hidden, aim 
two feet higher. The following effects of the refraction of the 
atmosphere should never be forgotten : the target will appear 
low on a damp gloomy day, and it will also appear low when 
the sun is setting behind the target ; the target appears high 



18 now TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 

on a clear bright day, and it will remain so should a shade come 
over the firer ; but immediately the shade passes over the tar- 
get, the latter appears low. By using the vernier, having found 
the correct sighting at one range, it is easy to calculate the same 
amount of allowance from your average elevation at the next 
range, buv, you must make increased allowances for the force of 
the wind. One degree on the vernier will make a difference of 
nine inches on the target at 600 yards. The firer should always 
be on the alert for any change in the wind or light. When on 
any strange range, look out for cross currents which would in- 
terfere with prevailing winds. There are sure to be cross cur- 
rents where there are deep valleys, ravines, and gullies. This 
ma^es good shooting exceedingly difficult, and especially so 
when the wind is gusty. When the wind is blowing very strong, 
men of experience never fire when the wind drops for an instant. 
Try, if possible, to get off each shot when the wind is blowing 
with about the same force, and you will be more likely to have 
regular shooting. It is not likely that a lull in the wind would 
last sufficiently long to allow the bullet to reach the target, but 
the wind would catch it while on its journey and turn it out of 
its course. When the wind is gusty always shoot up to the 
wind, that is to say, make less rather than full allowance, so 
that any additional strength in the wind's force would blow the 
bullet into the bullseye rather than out of it. This is what is 
called m* iking sure of the target. While shooting, don't walk 
about and tire yourself, but try and sit in the shade, and refrain 
from joining in the busy crowd at the firing point. It is 
decidedly a bad plan to watch the scores— it is best to make the 
best score you can yourself, and wait until the prize list is out 
to see if you are a winner. The best time for a man to slioot 
is either early in the morning or late in the evening. Unless the 
sky is overcast, shooting in the middle of the day is very diffi- 
cult, as the sun shines full in your face, and a most peculiar 
light surrounds the targets, approaching almost to haziness, 
caused by the excessive heat. 

Very young shots may not be aware that a shot fired from a 
rifle does not go in a direct line to the target. The line which 
the bullet takes in its journey from the rifle to the target is 
called the trajectory, and the height of the curve is varied 
according to the distance at which the rifle is fired. Some 



HOW TO BECOME AN EXPERT SHOT. 19 

rifles have a higher trajectory than others. A rifle with a flat 
trajectory is the one preferred, as its course to the target is more 
direct, and you are not so likely to go under or over the target. 

It is a great mistake to have your pull of trigger too light ; six- 
and-a-half pounds is about the correct thing. If you go too near 
the regulation, 6 lbs., you are liable to disqualification, should 
the nature of the weather bring it one drachm below the 6 lbs. 
pull. On the other hand the extra i lb. pull will make no differ- 
ence to you if you accustom yourself to its use. Great care 
should be taken as to the mode of pressing the trigger. From 
the first moment that you commence taking aim a gradual and 
increasing pressure should be put upon the trigger, which can 
be increased until you are quite certain as to your aim, and then 
the slightest extra squeeze will be sufiicient to let fall the hammer. 
Curl your finger well round the trigger and press it as near the 
top as you can. If you go too near the end you will find the 
pull off is not so pliable, although of greater strength. The extra 
squeeze should be like squeezing the last drop from an orange. 

No rifle shot should be without a vernier screw sight adjuster. 
By its use the sliding bar can be adjusted to one-hundredth part 
of an inch, or even half that distance is distinguishable. 

Having ascertained the sighting for each hundred yards, the 
fifties can be got accurately. Say you shoot with 28 degrees at 
500 yards, and 55 at six hundred yards, you would split the dif- 
ference and take 41^ at 550. Again, if you find that increased 
elevation is required at 500 yards, you can, with the greatest 
nicety make a proportionate increase at 600 yards. Care must 
be taken when applying the regulations to distances above 600 
yards up to 1,000 yards, that a proportionate increase is made at 
each range, viz: — if the difference between 500 and 600 yards 
sighting is 27 degrees, you must allow 30 between 600 yards 
and 700 yards, 33i between 700 yards and 800 yards, but much 
will depend upon the state of the weather. 

The first object of all who would become expert in the use of 
their rifles is to gain confidence in their own particular weapon. 
To do that, a man must endeavor to find out by any means the 
precise radial deviation which with a steady hand and wind his 
rifle will throw a number of shots. To attain the above result, 
nothing will help a man so much as a traversing wind-guage. I 
believe that defective sighting has more to do with indifferent 



20 HOW TO BECOME AK EXPERT SHOT. 

shooting than any other cause. A man who aims a certain dis- 
tance off the buUseye, having no definite object to aim at, makes 
a bullseye, but he is not so likely to follow it up with another as 
the man who aims at a particular spot. The grand object of the 
rifleman should be to take the same amount of sighting for each 
successive shot, and he will certainly get better average results 
than if he took his sight, as 99 out of every 100 do, by the rule 
of thumb. The firer should remember that if he takes the left 
edge of the target on a line with the bullseye at 500 yards, he 
never knows whether he is aiming at the top or the base of the 
bullseye. Now the bullseye is two feet deep, and this difference 
in the aim is, I need hardly say, quite suflScient to throw the 
shot over or under the target. If the sighting is so deceptive 
when aiming on the left edge of the target, what must be the 
result when the force of the wind renders it necessary to aim 
from 12 to 30 feet off the target ? Why, unless some particular 
point is taken, you cannot expect to get regular shooting. In 
squally weather, the rifleman would gain some confldence if he 
assured himself that however bad the elements, or however 
obscure the target,<Ae target is there^ and is of the same size, quite 
large enough for him to hit at 500 yards, and it is for him to 
fiad the correct road to that target. 

In concluding, the author has to make some apology for not 
classifying his subjects. He has not done so for several reasons. 
He hjas always found that subjects classified are not borne upon 
the memory so easily as those produced in a readable form and 
associated with ideas which are familiar with the reader. Hence 
he has brought to his assistance the science of phrenotypics, the 
art of associating unfamiliar with familiar ideas, thereby impress- 
ing the substance of new ideas on a mind of average capabilities. 



g~^^risjs. 5^^ 



EEGULATIOTTS 

Adopted by the National Eiflb Association to Govern At,L Competi- 
tions IN Marksmanship. 



1. GENERAL REGULATIONS. 

I. The meetings will be conducted under the direction of the Executive 
Committee of the National Rifle Association. 

II. In the conduct of the meetin£?s the following regulations are to be 
ob-erved, together with such other directions as may be given from time to 
time by the Executive Committee. 

III. All members of the National Guard competing for prizes restricted to 
that organization, shall appear in the authorized full-dress or undress uniform 
of their renimeiit. 

IV. Competitors shall submit their rifles and ammunition for inspection 
whenever required. 

V. No hair triggers wUl be allowed. 

VI. No fixed artificial rests will be allowed, the forearm and hand being 
cle;)r of all support. 

VII. Competitors may wipe out or clean out their rifles during any compe- 
tition, and may shoot with the same rifle, provided they do not delay the squad 
by so doing. Any comnetitor delaying his squad will be passed by. 

VIII. No one will be allowed to join a squad after the commencement of 
the second competitive round. 

X. Every competitor shall enter and shoot under his own name, and, unless 
otherwise specified, not oitener than once for any prize. 

2. DISQUALIFICATIONS AND FINES. 

XI. Any competitor who fires in a name other than hi? own, or fires twice 
for the same prize, shall be disqualified from ever competing at the prize meet- 
iijgs of the Association, or for any prize offered to the National Guard else- 
where. 

XII. Should a competitor lose his register ticket, omit to take it to the 
firing point, or fail to attend at the prescribed hour, and so hy Ms own neglect 
miss the opportunity given to him of competing for the prize for which his 
ticket was issued, his claim in regard to such competition shall be canceled. 

XIII. Any competitor who shall be detected iu an invasion of the conditions 
prescribed for the conduct of any prize, ^ha'l be disqualified from furl her com- 
petition during the meeting and forieU \us entrance fees, and in case of such 
conduct being considered by the Executive Committee as " discreditable," he 
shall be disqualified from e\ er again competing at the N. R. A. Prize Meetings. 

XIV. Any member of a squad or firing party who shall absent hims jlf with- 
out leave during the firing, or fire a shot from any other firing point before the 
squad has completed its shooting (except in pursuance of orders), shall be dis- 
qualified in that competition. 

XV. Any competitor refusing to obey any instructions of the Executive 
Committee or their deputies, or infringing any of the preceding regulations, 
or bei'iL' i' lilty of unruly or disorderly conduct, or being intoxicated, will be 
immediiN'iy ruled out of all further competition, and forfeit any entrance 
foes he may have paid. 



22 REGULATIONS. 

XVI. Any person, whether a competitor or not, interfering with any of the 
firing squads, or annoying them in any way, will at once be expelled from the 

^"^XVII. Any competitor firing when the danger-flag or disc is shown at the 
target or firing point, or discharging his rifle except ar, a target to which he has 
been assi^-ned, or into the pit provided for that purpose, shall be debarred 
from all farther competitions during the meeting, and shall forfeit his entrance 
fees. This shall not apply to a competitor accidentally firing at the wrong tar- 
get when no danger-flag is up. . . 

XVIII Any person discharging a nfle or snapping a cap within the inclo- 
sure except in accordance with the regulations for shooting, may, at the dis- 
cretion of the Exective Committee, be requu-ed to leave the ground. 

XIX Any competitor " snapping a cap " or " firing off " a charge without 
going close up to and firing his rifle into the pit provided for that purpose, 
shall be fined one dollar. -, ..^ , ^ , .^ i. „♦ 

XX Any competitor or other person found with a loaded nfle, except at 
the firing points and within the hours of shooting, may be debarred from fur- 
ther competition during the meeting. 

XXI In National Gaard competitions any competitor using any ammuni- 
tion other than such as is issued from the N, R. A. magazine, or in any way 
tampering with the ammunition so issued, shall be disqudified from competmg 
for any prizes during the meeting. 

3. RETURN OF ENTRANCE FEES. 

XXII.— 1. Competitors whx> are prevented from being present at the meeting 
shall have the entrance fees they have jaid returned after the meeting, pro- 
vided that they send their tickets and give written notice to the Secretary 
before the day on which the prize for which they have erdered has been announced 
for competition. . , .„ .^^ . i, i *, • 

2 Competitors prevented from competing by illness, will receive back their 
entrance fees in full on production of a medical certificate and their entry 

XXIII. Entries for the State Prize shall under no circumstances be returned 



4. PRIZE WINNERS. 

XXIV. All winners of prizes shall apply to the headquarters tent for a cer- 
tificate, which they must give up on receiving their prizes. _ . 

XXV. All money prizes shall be paid on the ground, and winners of prizes, 
who have the option of taking them in money or in kind, shall announce their 
decisitm to the Secretary before the close of the meeting. 

XXVI. The regulations for any public presentation of prizes will be an- 
nounced during the meeting. x,„i,*e.^jx 

XXVII. All prizes not claimed by the 30th November shall be forfeited to 
the Association. 

5. DISTANCES AND TARGETS. 

DISTANCES. 

There shall be ten distances, viz.— 100 yards, 200 yard-, 300 yards, 400 yards, 
500 yards, 600 yards, 700 yards, 800 yards, 900 yards, 1,000 yards. 



The size of the target shall be— ^ „ ^ . 

Up to 300 yards, 6 ft. x 4 ft. ; bulUs eye, 8 inches square ; centre, 2 feet. 
Over 300 to 600 yards, 6 feet square ; bull's eve 2 feet square ; centre, 4 feet. 
Over 600 to 1,000 yards, 6 it. x 12 ft. ; bulPs eye, 3 ft. square ; centre, 6 feet. 
In all cases buUeyes shall count 4 ; centres, 3 ; outers, 2. 



REGULATIONS. 23 

6. MARKING. 

Any objection to the scoring of a hit must be made before another ehot is 
fired, otherwise the shot must stand as signalled. 

7. RIFLES. 
The Rifles shall be classified as follows : 



Military rifles of bona fide regulation pattern, as issued. 
1 Minimum pull of trigger, 6 pounds. 

2. Sights strictly in accordante with regulation pattern. 

N. B.— They may be blackened; but white, red, or other coloring matter 
will not be allowed. 

3. Any pad or shoe for the heel-plate of the butt admitting of removal, and 
thereby allowing of variation at pleasure in the length of the stock, will be 
disallowed. 



" Any rifle," maximum weight, 10 pounds. 

1. Sights of any description, except telescope, magnifying, and such front 
aperture sights as solid discs or bushes pierced in the centre, which cover the 
target so as to conceal the danger signal when displayed. 

2. Minimum pull of trigger, 3 poands. 



8. AMMUNITION. 

1. In all competitions restricted to members of the National Guard, none 
but the regulation ammunition, similar to that issued from the N. R. A. maga- 
zine, shall be used. The ammunition so issued shall in no way be tampered 
with. 

2. In other competitions, unless otherwise specified, any ammunition may 
be used. 

3. Ammunition for the State Prize will be issued upon the ground. In other 
matches competitors must provide their own ammunition. 

4. Cartridi^es (50 cal. metallic) can be purchased on the ground at 75 cents 
per 20 rounds. 

9. POSITION. 

1, Up to 300 yards the shooting shall be standing. At distances above 300 
yards it shall be in any position. By "any position" is meant any position 
that any person would be able to take on level ground. 

N. B.— In shooting standing, no objection will be made to the elbow resiing 
against the body, provided that the little finger of the left hnnd is in front of 
lock-plate, or to the position of the fingers of the right hand, provided the reg- 
ulation position is preserved in oher respects. 

3. Sighting shots may bo fired in any position. 



10. ORDER OF SHOOTING. 

1. In all competitions restricted to the use of breech-loading rifles, the 
competitors shall place themselves at the firing points by twos, who shall fire 
alternately until they have fired all their sighting and competitive shots. 

2.- In other competitions the competitors shall fire their sighting and com- 
petitive shots alternately throughout the squad. 



24 REGULATIONS. 

11. SHOOTING. 

1. Two sighting shots shall be allowed to every competitor at each distance 
on payment of ten cents a shot. 

2. Tickets for the sighting shots will be sold at the headquarters tent. They 
will hold good for any match during the meeting, and will be delivered up to 
the register-keeper when a shot is taken. 

3. Any competitor joining the squad when the first round of sighting shots 
has been fired, shall be restricted to one sighting shot. 

4. Competitors who, at gun-fire, have not completed the number of rounds 
prescribed by the conditions of a competition, shall be allowed one sighting 
shot when such competition is resumed, without charge. 

12. TIES. 

The names of competitors who have to shoot off ties will be posted up daily 
on the bulletin-board at 10 a m. and 3 p. m. 
Ties shall be decided as follows : 

IN INOIVIBUAL SHOOTING. 

1 When the firing takes place at more than one distance, by the score made 
at the longest distance, and if still a tie, and there be three distances in the 
competition, by the score at the second distance. 

2 By the fewest misses. 

3. By the fewest outers. 

4. If still a tie, by inverse order of shots counting singly from the last to 
the first. 

5. By firing single shots at the longest range. 

IN TEAM SHOOTING. 

1. By the aggregate scores made at the longest distance in the competition. 

2. By the fewest misses. 

3. By the fewest cute/ s. 

4. By the competitors who have made the highest score on each side firing 
five r. unds at the longest di!*tance in the competition. 

N. B.— When ties are shot off, one sighting shot shall be allowed without 
charge. 

13. ENTRIES. 

POB THE STATE PRIZES. 

1. For the Stnte prizes every company and independent subdivision of the 
National Guard shall be entitled to send one of its members as competitors ; 
and in every regiment or battalion the commanding oflicer may, in addition, 
nominate sufficient members from the regiment at large to make a " team " of 
twelve. 

Field and other officers are eligible for the regimental nominations. 

2. Where any company does not nominate its full complement of represen- 
tatives, the vacancies maybe filled by members of other companies in the same 
regiment. 

3. In all cases competitors for the State or other prizes offered f o represen- 
tatives from military organizations must be regvZarly enlisted members in good 
standing of the regiment wbich they represent. 

MODE or ENTRY. 

1. All entries must be made to the Secretary at the office of the Association, 
93 Nassau street, before noon o:i the day preceding; any regular match. 

2. On receipt of the entrance fee for any mitch (i xcept in case of the first 
match), a ticket will be given, which mu'^t be presented at headquarters on the 
range, and exchanged for a register ticket containing the time and tari'et at 
which the competitor is to shoot. 



EEGUIiATIONS. 25 

For the first match the register ticket will he given out as the entries are made. 

3. The matches will take place, if possible in their order. The time for 
firing them, together with any deviation from the rules, will be postetl. vijon the 
luUetin as long beforehand as practicable, and. if possible announced through 
the press. 

4. Temporary discontinuance on account of bad weather will be at the dis- 
cretion of the Executive Committee, which will not, however, be exercised 
except in case of a severe stoj^m. 

5. Competitors are required to secure their register ticket in advance of the 
firing for the different matches for which they have entered, and to follow the 
orders as posted. 

6. A register ticket may be transferred at any time before the firing for the 
match has pas-ed, by exchanging it at headquarters for one having the name 
of the new boider. 

7. Any erasure or the substitution of one name for another will render the 
ticket invalid. 

14. POST ENTEIES. 

1. Entries made on the ground will be charged 50 per cent, additional. 
Members of the Association, entering for any match on the range, must exhibit 
their members' ticket. 

2. They may be ordered to fire whenever target accommodation can be 
provided. 

3 Should the holders of Post Entry tickets be precluded from competing by 
deficiency of target accommodation, their entrance fees will be retnriu'd to 
them ; the Executive Committee not being able to guarantee accommodation 
for all such entries. 

4. No post entries shall be made for any competition after the firing for 
such match has commenced. 

15. INSTRUCTION^ TO COMPETITORS. 

1. All the Competitors in camp will be subject to police regulations. 
2." All comperitors camping inusr bring theii own blankets, etc. 

3. Any competitor protesting against the ruling of the officer of the squad, 
or feeling himself aggrieved in any way, must make a statement of his griev- 
ance in writing, giving the names of two or more members of his squad who 
can bear him out in his statements, and hand it in to the Range Officer, who 
will lay the matter before the Executive Committee, who will decide rhe mat- 
ter on the ground. The decision shall be given in writing 1o the Secretary, 
and shnll be final, subject to the power of the Executive Committee or any two 
of them, at their discretion, to refer any question to the decision of the Board 
of Directors, whose decision on such question shall be final. No exception 
will be allowed, how-ver, to the marker's signal, or the decision of the umpire. 

4. Unless otherwise ordered, the shooting shall begin daily at 10 a.m. An 
intermission in th^ tiring of one hour will be had at as -lear noon as the prog- 
ress of the matches will permit, signalled by firing a gun— the firing to com- 
mence fifteen minutes af'er the firing of a second gun. 

5. Pools will be oneucd daily at targets unoccupied by prize competitions 

6. No practice will be allowed npon the range during the week of the 
moetiug. 

By order of the Association, 

Wm. C. Church, 

President. 

n.':N;'.Y A. GiLDEKSTKEVE, 

Secreiar-y. 



TiFFMf & m,, 

Union Square, - - - NEW YORK. 



Silver Ware Department. 



A Gbeat Variety op Articles suitable tor 

PRIZES fo[fllCHIIIIG,IIIICIiG,$PORIIIiG, Etc, 

All of their own make, from Original Designs, 

Special Designs, with Estimates, Furnished. 



WATCH DEPARTMENT. 



A COMPLETE ASSORTMENT OF 

Stem Winder Sf in great variety, and new Styles of Cases. 
Chronographs, marking Fifth Seconds. 
Chronographs, with Split Seconds. 
Chronographs, with Split and Independent Seconds. 
Repeaters, striking Hours and Quarters. 
Repeaters, striking Hours and Minutes. 
Self- Acting 'Repeaters, striking Hours and Quarters. 
Calendar Watches^ showing Day of the Week and Month, 
and Changes of the Moon. 



Particular Attention given to Cleaning and Repairing 
Fine Watches. 



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uaouvji ssvio auiUJi 



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TELESCOPES FOR lEE PRACTICE, 

OF SUPERIOR QUALITY. 

BINOCULAR PIELl^-GLASSES, 

Of extraprdinary power, with which shot-marks are disceinable 
at the longest ranges. 

WALDSTEIN, OPTICIAN, 

545 BROADWAY, (^et. Spring & Broome Sts.) 

POCKET ANEROID BAROMETERS, 

WATCH SIZE. 

SPECTACLES AND EYE-GLASSES, 

TO SUIT THE MOST PECULIAR EYES. 

THE LAR&EST ASSORTMENT OF BOOTS AND SHOES 

IN THE CITY. 

THE EDWIN A. BROOKS 



WHOLESALE & RETAIL. 

InTentor of Brooks' Cork Sole Boots and Shoes, Non-Conductors 
of Heat and Cold. 

Cool and Dry in Summer, Warm and Dry in Winter. 

Every one who has worn these Cork Sole Boots and Shoes are recom- 
mending them to their friends, and all Physicians who have seen or worn 
them are recommending them as a preventative of Golds, Sore 
Throats, etc They are really the BEST LIFE PRESERVERS IN 
THE WORLD. 

ORDER WORK, LASTS, and MEASURES, a specialty for all kinds of 
Boots and Shoes. 

C A. B1R.OOKS, 

No. 119B BROADWAY, Corner 29th Street, N. Y. 
Under the Sturtevant House, and opposite Gilsey House. 



^ » © ^ 



The undersigned pays particular attention to the manufacture 
of 

lllillillililitli 

Designs and Estimates furnished free of cost. 

JOHN F. LUTHER, 

(8th Reg't,) 
79 NASSAU ST., NEW YORK. 
HEALTH, COMFORT. LUXURY. 

THE IMPERIAL BATHS, 

No. T West 24th Street, 

Opposite Fifth Avenue Hotel. 
Perfect Ventilation, Fittings, and Attendance. 

Russian Vapor Baths ; also, Sulphur, Electrical, 

Mercurial, and other Medicinal Bath 

Departments. 

Private Baths for Ladies or Gentlemen at all hours. Also, a 
novel and wonderfully effective French Bath, for the 

Radical j3uF(E of I^heumati^jvi. 

Certificates exhibited from well-known gentlemen who have tried it. 

Open from 8 A. M. until 10 P. M. Sundays until Noon. 



CONROT, BISSETT & MALLESON, 

Snccessors to «T. C. Coiiroy &; Co., 

No. 65 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK, *' 

IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF 

FISH HOOKS AND FISHING TACKLE. 

The attention of amateui's is particularly called to their stock of 

RODS. 

Six Strip Split Bamboo, Fly and Salmon. 

Ash and Lancewood, Fly and Salmon. 

The famed " McGinnis " Black Bass, and all other varieties. 

R B E L. S 

For Salmon, Trout, Black Bass, Striped Bass, etc., in Rubber, Gei'man 
Silver, and Brass. 

l_ 1 N E. S 

Of all varieties, Silk, Grass, "Waterproof, Flax, and Cotton. All descrip- 
tions of Flies, Snells, Hooks, Nets, etc., etc. 

Parties fitted out for the Adirondacks, the Maine Woods, Lake Superior, 
Newport, Cutty-Hunk, Pasque Island, West Island, Barnegat, etc., etc. 

J^^ Orders by mail will receive prompt and careful attention. 

MOD^KINB & mAMGm^ 

IMPORTERS, MAKUFACTURKRS, AND DEALERS IN 

Gis, Mes, Pistols, to Materials, Ammiion. 



AND 



I P f g P ^ i P « , 



No. 7 WARREN STREET, 

Cn9 door from Bzo&ivT&j, NEW YORK 

^ALTER p. j^ODGKINS, y/lLLIAM f. J^AIGH, 

OF THE LATE FIRM OF OP THE LATE FIRM OP 

COOPER, HAEEIS & HODGKINS. ONION, HAI&H & CORNWALL. 



< 



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S4 



TIMIN^e ^V^^^TCHES, 



PAKTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO ALL COMPLICATED 
WATCHES, SUCH AS : 

Quarter Second Independent, 
Split Seconds, 
Chronographs, 

Split Seconds and Chronographs, 
Minute Chronographs, 

AND 

Double Minute Chronographs. 

All of these different styles of Watches are of the finest manufacture' 
fully guaranteed, and are now for the first time offered at REASONABLE 
PRICES. 

Also, all grades of Key and Stem Winding Watches. Especial atten- 
tion paid to the regulating and repairing of Watches and Chronometers. 



CHARLES 



Riflemen are referred to the publisher of this work 
tested the exc'ellence of these timers. 



BARTEN^S, 

No. 3 JOHN STREET. 

who has fairly 



I 



RIFLE AIR 



THE BEST AIR CUN 





Can be used as a PISTOL or 
G-UN, as each PISTOL is fur- 
nished with a skeleton GUN- 
STOCK. NO PUMPING- ! 
NO NOISE, as the force is AIR alone ! Shoots DARTS or SLUGS 

IS PERFECTI.Y ACCUKATE. 

Improves by use. Loads easy; can be Loaded and Shot Twenty Times a Minute. 

It is not dangerous, and will net go through the clothes. 
The finest PARLOR AMUSBME VT for Ladies and Gents ever invented, 
By practicing with the RIFLE AIR PISTOL a person can become an EXPERT 

SHOT. __ 

Rifle Air Pistol, complete $5 00 

" " " handsomely nickle-plated 6 00 

Extra DartSj per doz 1 oo 

Slugs, per hundred 20 

53 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. 



THE STANDARD ARM OF GREAT BRITAIN. 

,000 now in process of Manufacture for the TurhisK Government. 





SAFETY, SIMPLICITY, AND DT7RABILITY. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS | 



029 714 097 8 









Ipii^^ 



